Groundwater Monitoring

"Groundwater is monitored around the world by measuring groundwater levels, groundwater abstraction rates, spring discharge and groundwater quality. Globally, there is no sufficient knowledge about the state and trends of groundwater resources, primarily due to:
• insufficient monitoring
• limited accessibility to monitoring data/outcomes
Monitoring of groundwater is more challenging than monitoring of surface water (river and lakes): initial investments(e.g. drilling a borehole) are larger, spatial representativeness of monitoring points (due to hydrogeological heterogeneity) is smaller and assistance of remote sensing (so helpful to surface water observations) is limited." (IGRAC 2020)