Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF)

Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is “a sudden release of a significant amount of water retained in a glacial lake, irrespective of the cause. GLOFs are characterized by extreme peak discharges, often several times in excess of the maximum discharges of hydrometeorologically induced floods, with an exceptional erosion/transport potential; therefore, they can turn into flow-type movements (e.g., GLOF-induced debris flows).” (Emmer, 2017)

Sources

Emmer, Adam. 2017. “Glacier Retreat and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).” Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Natural Hazard Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.275.

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Institute of Ionosphere

The Institute of Ionosphere is a national scientific research institution operating under the Aerospace Committee of the Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since its foundation in 1961, the Institute has evolved into a multidisciplinary center focused on ionospheric physics, atmospheric science, geospatial technologies, and environmental monitoring using satellite data.