Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)

Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) are long, narrow corridors of moisture. They are an atmospheric phenomenon that transport massive amounts of water vapor across the globe. While they replenish water supplies and sustain ecosystems, ARs also pose significant flood risks, especially as climate change intensifies their impact. Recent studies indicate ARs are becoming more powerful, with increasing moisture transport and precipitation. Space technologies such as radio occultation (GNSS RO), passive microwave imager (e.g. SSMI/S), optical imagers (e.g. MODIS) and geostationary sensors (e.g. GOES) detect Ars, track their evolution and feed global forecast models. This article additionally outlines operational efforts such as Atmospheric River Reconnaissance and Forecast-Informed Reservoir Operations, where satellite-supported forecasts have been used to adjust reservoir releases and improve water storage without increasing flood risk. With a warming climate expected to increase the moisture carried by ARs, communities from coastal cities to mountain catchments have strong reasons to car. Better satellite data turns an invisible driver of both drought relief and flooding into actionable information for smarter water management.

大气河流是狭长的水汽输送带，这种大气现象能在全球范围内输送大量水蒸气。尽管大气河流能补充水源和维持生态系统，但也带来重大洪涝风险。随着气候变化加剧其影响，这种风险尤为显著。最新研究表明，随着水汽输送和降水量的增加，大气河流正在持续增强。 全球导航卫星系统无线电掩星技术（GNSS RO）、特殊传感器微波成像仪/探测仪（SSMI/S）、中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）及地球静止环境业务卫星（GOES）等空间技术，可实现对大气河流的探测、演变追踪，并为全球预报模型提供数据支撑。本文还概述了"大气河流侦察计划"及"预报指导型水库调度"等业务实践：通过卫星辅助的预报技术，水库得以在保障防洪安全的前提下优化泄流方案、提升蓄水能力。鉴于气候变暖将加剧大气河流的水汽输送，从沿海城市到山地流域的社区都迫切需要采取行动。更精准的卫星数据正将这种既缓解干旱又引发洪灾的隐形水文驱动因子转化为可操作信息，为智慧水资源管理提供支撑。